Saturday 7 July 2012

Vimana Shastra





In the Yantra Sarvasva,
sage Maharshi Bhardwaj


describes vimana, or
aerial aircrafts, as being
of three classes:
1. Those that travel
from place to
place;
2. Those that travel
from one country
to another;
3. Those that travel
between planets.
Of special concern
among these were the
military planes whose
functions were delineated
in some very
considerable detail and
which read today like something clean out of science fiction. For instance,
they had to be: Impregnable, unbreakable, non-combustible and
indestructible capable of coming to a dead stop in the twinkling of an eye;
invisible to enemies; capable of listening to the conversations and sounds in
hostile planes; technically proficient to see and record things, persons,
incidents and situations going on inside enemy planes; know at every stage
the direction of the movement of other aircraft in the vicinity; capable of
rendering the enemy crew into a state of suspended animation, intellectual
torpor or complete loss of consciousness; capable of destruction; manned by
pilots and co-travelers who could adapt in accordance with the climate in
which they moved; temperature regulated inside; constructed of very light
and heat absorbing metals; provided with mechanisms that could enlarge or
reduce images and enhance or diminish sounds.
The "Rama Empire" of
Northern India and Pakistan
developed at least fifteen
thousand years ago on the
Indian subcontinent was a
nation of many large,
sophisticated cities, many of
which are still to be found in the
deserts of Pakistan, northern, and western India. Rama existed parallel to the Atlantean civilization and was
ruled by "enlightened Priest-Kings" who governed the cities. The seven
greatest capital cities of Rama were known in classical Hindu texts as the
Seven Rishi Cities and the people had flying machines called "Vimanas." The
ancient Indian epic describes a Vimana as a double deck, circular aircraft
with portholes and a dome, much as we would imagine a flying saucer. It
flew with the "speed of the wind" and gave forth a "melodious sound." There
were at least four different types of Vimanas; some saucer shaped and
others like long cylinders (cigar shaped airships). The ancient Indian texts on
Vimanas are so numerous that it would take volumes to relate what they had
to say. The ancient Indians, who manufactured these ships themselves,
wrote entire flight manuals on the control of the various types of Vimanas,
many of which are still in existence and some have even been translated into
English.
According to Rahasyagnyodhikaaree - Sutra 2, "The pilot is one who knows
the secrets" There were 32 secrets the pilot needed to learn from competent
preceptors and only such a person was fit to be entrusted with an aeroplane,
and no others:
There are 32 secrets of the working of the Vimaana. He must know the
structure of the aeroplane, know the means of its take off and ascent to the
sky, know how to drive it and how to halt it when necessary, how to
maneuver it and make it perform spectacular feats in the sky without
crashing. Those secrets are given in "Rahashya Lahari" and other works by
Lalla and other masters and are described as thus:
"The pilot should have had training in maantrica and taantrica, kritaka and
antaraalaka, goodha or hidden, drishya and adrishya or seen and unseen,
paroksha and aparoksha, contraction and expansion, changing shape, look
frightening, look pleasing, become luminous or enveloped in darkness,
deluge or pralaya, vimukha, taara, stun by thunderstorm din, jump, move
zig-zag like serpent, chaapala, face all sides, hear distant sounds, take
pictures, know enemy maneuver, know direction of enemy approach,
stabdhaka or paralyse, and karshana or exercise magnetic pull.


Metallurgy of Ancient Indian Iron and steel:

orge-welded iron cannons of India
According to Bala, the forge welded cannons truly represent the mastery of iron ore mining, extraction and manufacturing technology of Indian blacksmiths. As opposed to cast iron cannon technology developed in Europe, Indians practiced forge welding technology and produced large cannons from direct reduced wrought iron. Bala has described in detail the technology as well as the history of some of the most massive forge-welded iron cannons in the world which are scattered all over the Indian subcontinent– Thanjavur, Dhaka, Murshidabad, Bishnupur, Jhansi, Assam, Tripura, Gulbarga, Bijapur, Bidar, Golconda, Hyderabad, and many Deccan forts.
The cannon technology was a crucial element in the rise and fall of several dynasties in India such as the Mughals, Marathas, Sikhs and Rajputs. It is certain that the latest technologies prevalent in Europe were also known to Indians. For example when the British defeated Tipu Sultan in 1799, they were astonished by the quality of his cannon.
Nine hundred and twenty seven cannon were captured after the fall of Srirangapatnam in 1799.
European colonizers used superior cast iron cannons and also systematically destroyed the forge-welded cannons from the Indian forts, according to Bala.
Agarias, a tribe in Madhya Pradesh, are traditional iron smelters
A 17th century forge-welded iron cannon, at Thanjavur’s eastern entrance (India).

The Jaivana cannon is the largest wheeled cannon ever constructed. It is located at the Jaigarh Fort, Jaipur. It was cast in 1720, during the reign of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II of Jaipur. The formidable strength of its builder, the scientifically inclined warrior Sawai Jai Singh II, lay in the large number of artillery and copious supply of munitions which he maintained. Jaivan rests on a high 4 wheeled carriage. The front wheels are 2.74 m in diameter and the rear wheels are 1.37 m in diameter.
The length of the barrel of the cannon is 20 feet 2 inches and it weighs 50 tons.


Cannon in Gulbarga Fort. India
Wootz Steel
One of the greatest technological achievements to originate from the Indian subcontinent is Deccan Wootz Steel, often referred to as “the wonder material of the orient”.
The world famous Damascus swords were made of Wootz steel and these were considered to be the most prized possessions and gift items (certainly more precious than gold and silver) by the aristocracy. There is no evidence to show that any of the nations of antiquity besides the Indians were acquainted with the art of making steel. The word Wootz is a distortion of the Kannada-Telugu word Ukku, for steel.
Wootz Steel as the Acme of Mankind’s Metallurgical Heritage  
“Wootz was the first high-quality steel  
made anywhere in the world.  According  
to reports of travelers to the East,  
the Damascus swords were made  
by forging small cakes of steel that  
were manufactured in Southern India.   
This steel was called wootz steel.   
It was more than a thousand years before  
steel as good was made in the West.” 

What is Wootz? Its Place in the History of Technology 
The school or college going student today may not be aware that India’s contributions 
and prowess in the making of iron and steel were amongst the most remarkable in the 
ancient world.  Of course, many of them may have had the occasion on school tours to 
visit the imposing Qutb Minar Complex in New Delhi and to admire the splendid Gupta 
era Iron Pillar (ca 400-420 AD).  It stands as a monument to a glorious Indian tradition in 
the field of ferrous metallurgy.  The Iron Pillar, the earliest and the largest surviving iron 
forging in the world, is regarded as a metallurgical marvel because it has defied the laws 
of corrosion of iron even after so many centuries, earning the nickname, the ‘rustless 
wonder’.  However, the Iron Pillar is not the only testimony that there is to the skills of 
ancient Indian iron and steel metallurgy.   
There is another truly remarkable story that is not so well known.  This is the chronicle of 
the legendary wootz steel from India, which has long been a subject of much fascination 
around the globe, with many legends and accounts surrounding it.  This book highlights 
the fact that India led the world in developing an impressive tradition more than two 
milennia ago of making high-grade steel in South India, known as wootz.   
But what is this strange word, wootz?  The term was coined, when European travellers 
from the 17th century onwards came across the making of steel by crucible processes in 
Southern India in the present day states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.  
Wootz was the anglicization of ‘ukku’, the Kannada word for steel.  
The fame of steel from India is well captured in the words of the Arab Edrisi (12th 
century) who commented that: 
‘the Hindus excelled in the manufacture of iron and it is impossible to find anything to 
surpass the edge from Hinduwani or Indian steel’  


Zinc:
The earliest firm evidence for the production of metallic zinc comes from India.  Of the 
eight metals used in antiquity zinc is one of the most difficult to smelt since it volatalises 
at about the same temperature of around 1000 ÂșC that is needed to smelt zinc ore.  As a 
result, it forms as a vapour in the furnace which would immediately get reoxidised and 
hence lost.  So there are very few references to metallic zinc in early treatises.  In India 
there is unique evidence for the extensive and semi-industrial production of zinc at the 
Zawar area of Rajasthan.  An ingenious method was devised of downward distillation of 
the zinc vapour formed after smelting zinc ore using specifically designed retorts with 
condensers and furnaces.  The zinc vapour could be drastically cooled down to get a melt 
that could solidify to zinc metal.  The Rasaratnakara, a text ascribed to the great Indian 
scientist Nagarjuna, of the early Christian era describes this method of production of zinc.  
In Europe, the production of metallic  zinc was virtually unknown until William
Champion first established commercial zinc smelting operations in Bristol in the 1740's 
following which it was industrially produced.  Interestingly, the method of production 
adopted by downward distillation bears a strong resemblance to the Zawar process.  It has 
been pointed out that Champion's process was very likely inspired by the Zawar process 
which would have been made known to the British during the forays of the East India 
Company.



Thursday 5 July 2012

Word for Word Meaning of the Gayatri Mantra

Aum = Brahma ;
bhoor = embodiment of vital spiritual energy(pran) ;
bhuwah = destroyer of sufferings ;
swaha = embodiment of happiness ;
tat = that ;
savitur = bright like sun ;
varenyam = best choicest ;
bhargo = destroyer of sins ;
devasya = divine ;
these first nine words describe the glory of God
dheemahi = may imbibe ; pertains to meditation
dhiyo = intellect ;
yo = who ;
naha = our ;
prachodayat = may inspire!
"dhiyo yo na prachodayat" is a prayer to God